Kate Golden, Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
Rococo, 2011. Three Madison-area Assembly districts, as redrawn by Republicans in 2011's Act 43.
In the aftermath of the Nov. 6 elections, words like "fickle" and "schizophrenic" are being bandied about to describe the Wisconsin electorate.
How else can anyone explain a group of voters who simultaneously picked Democrats Barack Obama for president and Tammy Baldwin for U.S. Senate while preserving a 5-3 Republican edge in its congressional delegation and giving the GOP a commanding majority in both houses of the state Legislature?
But the vote tallies in Wisconsin's congressional and state legislative races were not nearly as lopsided as the parties' resulting share of seats, according to a Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism analysis. The breakdown between Republican and Democratic votes was close even in the races for Congress and state Legislature, where the GOP scored substantial wins.
Some election observers say these results, which ensure that Republican Gov. Scott Walker will have strong GOP majorities heading into the next legislative session, owe largely to redistricting -- the redrawing of voting district boundaries based on the U.S. Census.
"The outcome of this year's U.S. House as well as state Senate and state Assembly elections testify to the power of redistricting," said Mike McCabe, executive director of the Wisconsin Democracy Campaign, a nonpartisan clean-government advocacy group.
For instance, Republicans received 49% of the 2.9 million votes cast in Wisconsin's congressional races, but won five out of eight, or 62.5%, of the seats, according to the Center's analysis. The Center analyzed unofficial 2012 results reported by the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and official 2010 results from the state Government Accountability Board.
The vote breakdown in the state's congressional races was comparable to that for president and U.S. Senate, where the Democratic standard-bearers won 53% and 51%, respectively.
Wisconsin's experience is not unique.
Geoffrey Stone, a law professor at the University of Chicago, recently wrote in the Huffington Post that Republicans won 55% of all House seats nationally while capturing less than half of the total vote. Stone said the GOP "won control of a substantial majority of state governments" in 2010, then "used that power to redraw congressional district lines in such a way as to maximize the Republican outcome in the 2012 House election."
In Wisconsin, redistricting based on the 2010 Census was done largely in secret by the Republicans who controlled the state Legislature. Democrats accused the GOP of using this opportunity to cement its electoral advantage, which in itself is not illegal.
In March, a panel of three federal judges upheld most of the state's redistricting process, including the congressional component. The panel did strike down the redrawing of two Assembly districts, saying it diluted the power of Hispanic voters.
"There is no question -- none -- that the recent redistricting effort distorted the vote," said Ken Mayer, a professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. "Nobody takes seriously the notion that the legislative plan for congressional districts wasn't politically motivated."
McCabe said the lines were "drawn in a way that squeezes most Democratic voters into a few districts and widely disperses their voting power across the rest of the districts." That left GOP candidates "with a pronounced electoral advantage in congressional and legislative races."
But Rep. Robin Vos (R-Rochester), the new Assembly speaker, doesn't agree that redistricting played a significant role in his party's fortunes. He said there have always been districts that, due to high turnout and other factors, lean to one side, and that the GOP simply did a better job of getting out the vote.
"Every district is on its own," Vos said. "There are competitive seats in every part of the state. And I think that at the end of the day, voters made a choice to pick the best individual candidate."
In the 2010 contested Assembly races, the GOP got a slightly larger proportion of seats than votes. In 2012, that pattern was even more pronounced.
This year, Republicans won 56 of the 76 contested Assembly seats in the Nov. 6 election. That's 74% of the seats -- which they won with just 52% of the 2.2 million votes.
The Democratic Party of Wisconsin furnished the Center with data showing that if uncontested races were included in the analysis, Democrats actually received 200,000 more Assembly votes than Republicans. Most uncontested races were in Democratic districts.
The GOP's new 60-39 majority in the Assembly is nearly the same as it was heading into the election: 59-39, with one independent.
In the state Senate, Republicans won six of 11 contested races, including two seats that had been held by Democrats. The Republicans now have a 17-15 advantage in the state Senate, which will likely increase to 18-15 after a December special election in an overwhelmingly Republican district.
But the Democrats actually out-polled the GOP in these contested state Senate elections, winning 50.5% of the 941,000 votes cast.
Cal Potter, a former Democratic state lawmaker who now serves on the board of Common Cause in Wisconsin, a nonpartisan watchdog group, noted that the redistricting after the 1990 and 2000 Census was done by the courts, because the Legislature and governor were split and could not agree on a plan. This time around, he said, the GOP ran the show and was able to maximize its electoral advantages.
[Editor's note: This story was corrected to note that Robin Vos' residence is in Rochester, Wisconsin.]
The nonprofit Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism collaborates with Wisconsin Public Radio, Wisconsin Public Television, other news media and the UW-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication. This story was a produced in collaboration with Wisconsin Public Television.
All works created, published, posted or disseminated by the Center do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of UW-Madison or any of its affiliates.
